In a Perfect Ocean
The State Of Fisheries And Ecosystems In The North Atlantic Ocean
Recent decades have been marked by the decline or collapse of one fishery after another around the world, from swordfish in the North Atlantic to orange roughy in the South Pacific. While the effects of a collapse on local economies and fishing-dependent communities have generated much discussion, little attention has been paid to its impacts on the overall health of the ocean's ecosystems.
In a Perfect Ocean: The State of Fisheries and Ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean presents the first empirical assessment of the status of ecosystems in the North Atlantic ocean. Drawing on a wide range of studies including original research conducted for this volume, the authors analyze 14 large marine ecosystems to provide an indisputable picture of an ocean whose ecology has been dramatically altered, resulting in a phenomenon described by the authors as "fishing down the food web." The book:
- provides a snapshot of the past health of the North Atlantic and compares it to its present status
- presents a rigorous scientific assessment based on the key criteria of fisheries catches, biomass, and trophic level
- considers the factors that have led to the current situation
- describes the policy options available for halting the decline
- offers recommendations for restoring the North Atlantic
This is the first in a series of assessments by the world's leading marine scientists, entitled "The State of the World's Oceans." In a Perfect Ocean: The State of Fisheries and Ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean is a landmark study, the first of its kind to make a comprehensive, ecosystem-based assessment of the North Atlantic Ocean, and will be essential reading for policymakers at the state, national, and international level concerned with fisheries management, as well for scientists, researchers, and activists concerned with marine issues or fishing and the fisheries industry.
Contents
List of Figures and Maps
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. A Brief History of the North Atlantic and Its
Resources
Past Abundance in the North Atlantic
Development of the North Atlantic Fisheries
Northeast Atlantic fisheries
Northwest Atlantic fisheries
Effects of Technology
The Importance of Understanding the Past
2. The Decline of North Atlantic Fisheries
How Much Fish is Being Caught?Reported catches
Discards, illegal, and unreported catches
Fishing Effort and Related Indices
Fishing intensity
Economic efficiency
Energy efficiency
Impacts on Biomass and Ecosystems
Biomass declines
Fishing down marine food webs
Squashed pyramids and shorter food chains
Competition with marine mammals
Report Card for an Impoverished Ocean
3. How Did We Get Here?
A Conceptual Failure
Distorted Economics
Small-scale vs. large-scale fisheries
Present vs. future generations
Ineffective Governance
Local and national governance
International arrangements
Fisheries compliance with international
instruments
Institutions and Equity
4. What to Do?
Reducing Fishing Effort
Quotas
Vessel buyback and destruction
Marine reserves
Fishery benefits
Using the precautionary approach
Transforming the Market
Reducing subsidies
Energy and/or carbon taxes
Educating consumers
Nonconsumptive use of the oceans
Accounting for future generations
Transforming Governance
Dealing with illegal catches
Reducing the scale of fishing fleets
Recommendations: Leaning on the Firewall Between
Science and Advocacy
Notes
References
Acronyms
Index"
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