An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management
This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the subject of coastal zone management. The authors review the existing management framework at the federal, state, and local level, describing cornerstone federal programs and innovative and leading state, regional, and special area programs. Throughout, they focus on:
- coastal ecology and the physical attributes of the coastal zone
- population trends and growth pressures confronting coastal areas
- policy issues and conflicts facing those in coastal management
In addition, they examine key elements of successful coastal management, as they identify deficiencies in current efforts as well as methods for addressing those deficiencies.
An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management provides a firm understanding of management approaches and strategies in use around the country, focusing on those that have proven most effective.
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Preface xvii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
The Special Nature of Our Coasts 1
The Pressures on the Coastal Zone 3
The Pressures Exerted by Humans 4
The Effects of Human Pressure 6
Public Policy Exacerbates the Pressures 7
Sustaining the Coast: The Overarching Challenge 8
The Rationale for Government Intervention 10
Chapter 2. Understanding
The Coastal Environment 13
Defining the Coastal Zone 13
Types of Coastal Landforms 15
Time Scales of Change 16
Coastal Ecosystems 17
Barrier Islands 18
Estuaries 23
Coastal Marshes 26
Coral Reefs 28
Rocky Shores and Bluffs 28
Coastal Forces and Processes 30
Wind 30
Waves 31
Currents 32
Tides 33
Hurricanes and Extratropical Storms 34
Sea Level Rise 41
Erosion and Accretion 42
Coastal Organisms 45
The Great Lakes 46
Geomorphology 46
Lake Characteristics 46
Lake Levels 48
Lake Stratification and Turnover 49
Wetlands 49
Pollution and Toxic Contaminants 50
Climate Change and the Great Lakes 51
Conclusions 51
Chapter 3. Coastal Pressures
and Critical Management Issues 53
Land Use Patterns and Human Alterations of the Coastal Zone 56
Patterns of Ownership and Control 57
Critical Coastal Management Issues: The Challenge of Sustaining
the Coast 63
Coastal Storm Mitigation 63
Shoreline Erosion and Sea Level Rise 68
Strategic Retreat or Coastal Reinforcement? 71
Protection of Coastal Wetlands and Resourcelands 74
Protection of Coastal Waters 76
Energy Development and the Coast 78
Biodiversity and Habitat Conservation 79
Marine and Fishery Management 81
The Coast as a Recreational Commons: Protecting Access to
Beaches and Shorelines 82
Social Equity in Coastal Planning 82
Coastal Sprawl, Land Use Pressures, and Quality of Life 84
Private Property versus the Public Interest in Coastal Planning 86
Conclusions 88
Chapter 4. The Coastal
Management Framework 91
Role of State and Local Governments 94
Stakeholders in Coastal Management 96
Conclusions 100
Chapter 5. Federal Coastal Policy 101
Direct Coastal Policy 102
Coastal Zone Management Act 102
A Collaborative Strategy 102
Coastal Barrier Resources Act 106
National Marine Sanctuary Program 111
The National Estuarine Research Reserve System 114
National Estuary Program 115
Marine Protected Areas 116
Federal Environmental Policy That Affects the Coast 117
National Environmental Policy Act 117
Clean Water Act 118
Clean Air Act 120
Endangered Species Act 120
National Flood Insurance Program 121
Federal Disaster Assistance 123
Beach Renourishment and Shoreline Protection 125
National Park System 128
Brownfields 129
De Facto Coastal Policy 130
Department of Energy 130
Internal Revenue Service 130
Coastal Development Subsidies 130
Conclusions 131
Chapter 6. State Coastal
Management Programs 135
Overview of State Programs 137
Shoreline Management and Retreat 137
Restrictions on Shore-Hardening Structures 140
Managing Reconstruction 140
Unbuildable Lots 141
Building Codes and Construction Standards 144
Coastal Wetlands Protection 144
Sea Level Rise 145
Beach Access and Land Acquisition 146
Cumulative and Secondary Impacts 151
Urban Waterfront Development 152
Special Area Management Plans 154
Areas of Particular Concern 155
Marine Debris 156
Aquaculture, Energy, and Government Facility Siting 156
Ocea
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